We talked about headlight bulb styles in the first part of our series on understanding headlight upgrades. In this article, we will briefly explain relevant light terminology to help you understand what lumens, lux, candela and watts mean. Knowing what these terms mean will help you make better bulb upgrade choices – and you’ll be less likely to be fooled by bogus light output claims.

The Importance of Proper Headlights

The forward lighting system on your car or truck is, or at least should be, designed to light up the road in front of your vehicle. The lighting should be bright enough to allow you to see and react to objects in your path safely. If your car needs two seconds to stop from 40 miles per hour, then your lights need to illuminate objects at least 117 feet in front of your vehicle.

The Candela

Long ago, a light source’s output was comparable to the light produced by a typical wax candle. A conventional wax candle produces 1 candela (symbol: cd) of light. It’s crucial to understand that this is the total light output of the light source in all directions. Put another way, no matter what direction you’re looking at a candle from, it produces 1 candela or 1 cd.

Light Terminology – Lumens

A lumen (symbol: lm) is the most commonly used descriptor of how much light a bulb produces. The lumen is the SI unit used to quantify luminous flux. Sadly, it’s also easy for this number to be irrelevant in describing how well you can see in front of you at night.

We have to detour a moment to make a super-technical definition. The term steradian, or square radian, describes a circular area on the surface of a sphere. A sphere (or ball) has a surface area of 4π steradians – or 12.5664 steradians. Expressed another way, 1 steradian is 1/12.5664 of the surface of a sphere. If you have a sphere with a radius of 2 meters, then 1 steradian represents 4 square meters on the surface of that sphere. It should be no surprise, then, that the total surface area of the sphere is 50.265 square meters and that 1/12.5664 of that is 4 square meters.

OK, now back to the lumen. One lumen equals 1 steradian of a sphere illuminated by a light source that outputs 1 candela. Think of this description as that of a flashlight pointing at the inside of a sphere. If the flashlight produces 1 candela of output and all the light is focused onto an area the size of 1 steradian, the result is 1 lumen of illumination.

If we back up and consider the light source to be isotropic or equal in output in all directions, then the light source must produce 12.5664 candelas to produce 1 lumen of flux over an area of 1 steradian. In theory, you need about 12 and a half candles to produce 1 lumen of luminous flux on an area of 1 steradian of a sphere with a radius of 1 meter. A 1-candela light source would produce 1/12.5664 of a lumen on the same area, or 0.0796 lumen.

When professional light bulb manufacturers measure a light source’s output, they use an integrating sphere. The inside of the sphere has a pure white reflective coating. The goal of the sphere is to average out any bright or dim spots to create an even distribution of light through the assembly. A calibrated electronic sensor measures the light level in the sphere to calculate the total light provided by the light source.

When a company like Cree or Samsung creates an LED, they describe the output of the LED COB in lumens, or more accurately, lumens per watt (LPW). A high-quality LED COB produces about 133 lumens of output per watt. Most high-power LED COBs have a maximum power handling of about 3 watts. This efficiency means a 1-watt single LED COB can produce about 400 lumens. An aftermarket LED headlight bulb that uses one of these LED COBs on each side would produce 800 lumens. Compact assemblies with three or four COBs assembled into a single housing are available. These 12-watt LED COBs produce about 1,500 lumens. If a 12-watt COB is on each side of the bulb, it would theoretically produce 3,000 lumens.

Light Terminology – Lux

Unfortunately, having an incredibly bright light bulb doesn’t directly correlate to proper road lighting. Understanding lighting terminology is crucial. The plastic lens on the front of the light assembly blocks a small amount of light. The design of the reflector at the back of the light assembly plays a considerable role in determining where that light projects. In a worst-case example, you could have a 3,000-lumen headlight bulb in a black box, and no light would be visible and, as such, the bulb would produce 0 lux.

Lux (symbol: lx) is the SI unit of luminous flux per unit area. The lux is the unit that quantifies light intensity as the human eye perceives it. Thankfully, unlike the whole steradian thing (sorry about that), the lux uses an area of 1 square meter. One lux equals the illumination of 1 lumen of light over 1 square meter. If all the light from a 100-lumen light source illuminates 1 square meter, the light intensity would be 100 lux.

How do all these numbers relate to headlight bulb ratings and how well you can see the road once the sun sets? With modern LED headlights like you’d find on an Audi, Mercedes-Benz or Genesis, the optics are designed to work specifically with the LED COBs light emission pattern. Every aspect of the light source is optimized to produce a specific beam pattern on the road. If you upgrade your headlights from a halogen bulb, HID or LED aftermarket bulbs must work with the existing reflectors and lens. The upper cut-off for the low beams must be accurate, and the light distribution pattern needs to remain the same. These criteria are crucial for your safety and the safety of those you share the road with.

Companies such as Rigid Industries and Baja Designs that manufacture aftermarket off-road and work light solutions provide light output levels in lux. Both companies describe the distance from the light where they produce a fixed illumination level. Of course, the two companies don’t use the same descriptions, so you have to do some “figurin’” to determine which is best for your application.

Watts, Power and Light Output

The SI unit watt describes the work done over a fixed time – usually one second. One amp of current flowing through 1 ohm of resistance in electrical circuits produces 1 watt of heat energy. To calculate watts in direct current (DC) circuits, you can multiply the voltage times the current. If you apply 12 volts to a light bulb and 2 amps of current flow through the circuit, then the work done is 24 watts.

When all we had were halogen bulbs, a bulb that drew more energy would typically produce more light. The low beams on most cars and trucks used 35-watt bulbs, and many used 55-watt bulbs for the high beams. Unfortunately, those numbers don’t correspond to light output regarding HID and LED replacement bulbs. A 15-watt LED bulb produces significantly more light than a 35-watt halogen bulb. Many HID kits were marketed with 35- or 55-watt ratings, making three or four times as much light as halogen units. The bottom line is that looking at HID or LED headlight upgrades and comparing them by the energy they consume won’t be effective.

Research Your Headlight Upgrades

A forward lighting system that functions accurately and reliably is the top vehicle safety consideration once the sun sets. If your headlight bulbs are worn out, the lenses are foggy, or the lights aren’t aimed properly, your risk of getting into an accident increases dramatically. Now that you understand automotive headlight terminology better, you can make better purchasing decisions. Drop by a local specialty mobile enhancement retailer today to find out about the upgrades they have available to improve the lighting system on your vehicle.

This article is written and produced by the team at www.BestCarAudio.com. Reproduction or use of any kind is prohibited without the express written permission of 1sixty8 media.

If you pay attention, you’ll see cars and trucks on the road with white, yellow, blue and even purple headlight bulbs. Whether chosen for style or performance, hundreds, if not thousands, of options are available to upgrade the lighting on your car, truck or motorcycle. Some replacement bulbs look neat, some are brighter, some have unwanted side effects, and some perform poorly. Let’s kick off this series about automotive headlight technologies and upgrades with some history and a look at the different lighting designs used on vehicles.

Headlight Bulb Styles

If you’ve been around the block a few times, you know there are two basic types of headlight bulbs: sealed beam and composite light assemblies. Sealed-beam bulbs were introduced around 1940, providing automakers with a relatively high-performance, all-glass lighting assembly that included the bulb, reflector and lens in a single non-serviceable unit. The vehicle manufacturer only needed a secure mounting and alignment solution to deliver reliable lighting. Some quick research shows that the 2017 Chevrolet Express van was one of the last newly manufactured vehicles to use sealed-beam headlights.

Around 1983, the first composite headlight assemblies began to be implemented in new cars and trucks. These lighting assemblies use three injection-molded plastic pieces to serve as the body, reflector and lens. These lights are typically molded in shapes that flow with the vehicle’s contours. One instant benefit of these designs was that automobile manufacturers could improve vehicle aerodynamics and allow more leeway in vehicle styling.

Composite light assemblies have replaceable bulbs that fit into a unit that includes a body, a reflector and a lens. When the bulb fails, it is removable from inside the engine compartment, often with minimal difficulty. The cool-for-its-time 1984 Lincoln Mark VII is believed to be the first production vehicle to use composite lighting.

The composite headlight evolved to include a dedicated projector assembly within the lighting fixture. There are claims that the projector assembly, which consists of a reflector, lens and often a cutoff shield or shutter, provides more efficient light output than a reflector-style. It’s probable, but the specific performance comes down to the engineer who designed the light.

Headlight Technologies

Whether the vehicle has sealed-beam or composite lights, there are dozens of bulb shapes and sizes. Sealed-beam bulbs came in various round and square sizes. Some bulbs had both low- and high-beam filaments in the same assembly. Bulbs for composite lights are similar, though much more compact. These bulbs are also available with single or low/high designs in one assembly.

Many composite light assemblies have a single bulb with a single light source that handles low- and high-beam conditions. When you want to see farther down the road, you pull back on the light control stalk on the left side of the steering column, activating an electromechanical solenoid in the projector. The solenoid moves the shutter out of the way, allowing all the light from the bulb to illuminate the road.

The Evolution of Automotive Headlight Bulbs

Headlights have come a long way from oil lamps burning in large housings on the front of the vehicle in 1880. Though electric lights started becoming popular in homes around this same time, it wasn’t until after 1910 that electric lights on vehicles became popular. These “higher-performance” light sources quickly became a requirement for new vehicles.

Early incandescent headlamp bulb technologies didn’t differ much from the lights some vehicles still come with today. In an incandescent light bulb, a filament made from tungsten is enclosed in an airtight glass chamber. When electricity passes through the filament, it heats up and produces light.

The next evolution was the halogen incandescent light bulb. According to several sources, halogen headlamps were developed in 1961 by a group of European light bulb and headlamp makers. Halogen lamps use the same filament design as a conventional incandescent bulb but have a small amount of a halogen gas like iodine or bromine added to the chamber. Adding these chemicals results in the filament burning brighter and producing a whiter light. It also resulted in a bulb design that lasted significantly longer than its simple incandescent counterparts.

Interestingly, these bulbs weren’t initially permitted in the United States as they were too bright and exceeded the government’s 37,500-candela output limit. In Europe, headlights could have an output of 140,000 candelas per side. The light output limit in the United States was raised to 75,000 per side in 1979. An extremely detailed outline for lighting requirements and limitations can be found in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 108. If you ever want to geek out or have a thorough understanding of the laws that govern all vehicle lights, give FMVSS 108 a read.

The next evolution in lighting technology was the high-intensity discharge (HID) bulb. Rather than applying the direct battery voltage to a filament, HID lighting systems have an external ballast module that feeds high-voltage, high-frequency energy to a pair of tungsten electrodes enclosed in a glass chamber. The chamber is filled with a noble gas and a metal or metal salt. Light is produced as the voltage jumps from one electrode to another, like a welder’s arc. This type of light source is often called an arc lamp.

The benefits of HID bulbs include a whiter light than incandescent or halogen bulbs and a more efficient system. Xenon arc lamps are a specific kind of HID system that uses xenon gas in the bulb. Other chemicals like mercury vapor, metal halide and sodium vapor are common in commercial applications such as high-bay lighting, theatre and movie lighting, and film projectors. There are even HID lamps that use radioactive isotopes like thorium and krypton-85 to help make the arc initiation easier. Bulbs for automotive applications do not use these radioactive materials.

A potential drawback of HID lamps is radio frequency interference. The high-output voltage of the ballast that drives the bulb (which can be over 400 volts) combined with a high switching frequency that can exceed 100 kHz can produce harmonic information that can affect both AM and FM radio reception. Many less-expensive aftermarket HID upgrade kits have this interference problem.

Light emitting diode (LED) headlights are another newer technology that has provided several options to vehicle manufacturers. LEDs are solid-state semiconductors that emit light photons as electrons flow through the device. Early LEDs were expensive, costing hundreds of dollars per lumen of light output. Improvements and advancements in materials, production quantity and design have evolved so that LEDs now cost hundredths of a cent per lumen.

An important benefit of LED lighting technology is that it’s quite efficient. These lights are also incredibly compact and last tens of thousands of hours. LED lights reach their maximum output level almost instantly, whereas halogen bulbs take a part of a second, and HID bulbs can take several seconds. This instant illumination makes LEDs ideal for turn signals and brake lights where every millisecond matters in an emergency. Studies have shown that LEDs can save more than a tenth of a second in warning other drivers. When moving at 65 miles per hour, one-tenth of a second represents a distance of 9.53 feet. That’s significant. The compact size of LEDs allows automakers to get creative with styling, as the space needed to produce adequate light output on the road is minimal.

While LEDs are efficient, they are small and remain sensitive to heat. You will note that LED lighting assemblies include large heatsinks to ensure that the individual LED chips don’t overheat.

A drawback of aftermarket LED bulbs is that they haven’t historically been able to place the light source in the same location as an incandescent or HID bulb because of the need for the heatsink. This limitation can reduce the effective light output of the assembly because the reflector or projector optics might not be optimized properly. The only way to know if an aftermarket LED bulb will work in your vehicle is to test it before purchasing.

It’s worth noting that the little orange or yellow LED chip you see on each side of an aftermarket LED bulb is an array of multiple LED elements. These are called chip on board LEDs, or more commonly, an LED COB. A single COB includes dozens of individual LEDs mounted on a thermally efficient substrate and covered by a phosphor coating designed to produce a specific light color.

The latest technology in automotive lighting is lasers. Companies like Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz offer laser-equipped high beams on several vehicles. These lights use a solid-state laser diode to shoot an intense blue light at a yellow phosphor. The phosphor is similar to the yellow rectangles you see in LED lights. Reflectors and lenses can then direct the output of this light source to illuminate the road.

The benefit of laser light solutions is that they are even more compact and energy-efficient than LEDs. Production vehicles first implemented laser headlights in 2014. Laser high beams can illuminate up to 600 meters in front of a car or SUV. Because of the intensity of the laser light sources, active light control technologies help ensure that oncoming drivers aren’t blinded.

Light Brightness and Other Lies

Just as with incredibly overstated amplifier and speaker power ratings, the aftermarket lighting industry has fallen prey to completely bogus light output claims. I can tell you with the utmost confidence that a single 9005 LED bulb with two chips will not produce 22,000 lumens of light output.

To understand the math behind the above statement, a state-of-the-art LED COB can produce about 400 lumens of light with 1.6 amps of current. LED intensity is controlled by how much current flows through the device. So, to produce 22,000 lumens of light, the bulb would need to draw 88 amps of current.

The specifications provided with these so-called 22,000-lumen LED bulbs note that they use 80 watts. At 12 volts, that’s 6.67 amps of current. A more appropriate light output claim would be about 1,670 lumens if they used the highest-performing LED COBs available. Oh, one last note: Many aftermarket LED bulb manufacturers quote the light output from the pair of bulbs. So, the “bogus factor” can be divided in half and still be impossible. As always, buyer beware, and don’t believe everything you read.

Last and certainly not least, upgrading your headlight bulbs is not a free-for-all. As with audio system upgrades, enthusiasts often think they know more than the engineers who designed the factory-installed systems. Longevity, legal compliance and thermal management are key considerations when designing a lighting system. We’ve seen many examples of high-output aftermarket headlight bulbs melting reflectors and lenses. We suggest the “better solutions” approach rather than the “brute force” approach to improving forward lighting.

Up next in this series, we’ll examine aspects of lighting like lumens, candelas, lux, watts, color and temperature.

This article is written and produced by the team at www.BestCarAudio.com. Reproduction or use of any kind is prohibited without the express written permission of 1sixty8 media.

We took our first look at measuring light sources a while back as our first step toward understanding the differences in automotive headlight options. In this article, we’ll provide a practical demonstration of why it’s crucial for the lighting on your car, truck, motorcycle, ATV or side-by-side to emit light that covers the entire color spectrum evenly.

Light Sources and the Human Body

Light waves work similarly to sound waves in that both our eyes and ears are sensitive to a specific range of frequencies. For sound, most adults can hear from 20 Hz to around 15 kHz and see light in the range of 400 to 790 THz (terahertz). Sounds above 15 or 20 kHz are imperceivable as our ears don’t detect those signals and send the information to our brain. Likewise, energy below 400 THz (which is infrared) isn’t seen by our eyes but can be felt as heat on our skin. Frequencies above 790 THz, which is ultraviolet light, are also invisible to our eyes but can cause skin damage in the form of sunburn. Butterflies, some birds, reindeer and sockeye salmon can see ultraviolet light. At the other end of the spectrum, some snakes, fish and frogs can see infrared light.

How Our Eyes Perceive Objects

If you shine a white light at an object, that object reflects specific colors to our eyes. Those reflected colors match the color of the object. So, if you shine white light on a blue car, then blue light wavelengths are reflected to your eyes. The same goes for the yellow lane markings on the road and green grass on the boulevard or median.

Let’s put this concept into a set of simple rules. First, we’ll consider the sun on a cloudless day as a near-perfect light source. The sun emits light energy that’s very evenly distributed through the color spectrum.

If you look at the spectrographic analysis of the light from the sun shown above, you can see that from light blue through to light red, the spectral density is fairly similar.

What if Color Is Missing from a Light Source?

We’ll set up a demonstration to show what happens when a specific color of light is missing from a light source and how that affects the way we perceive objects. We have a set of RGB LED strip lights set 18 inches away from a selection of Hot Wheels cars for this demonstration. We can use the smartphone app to choose which of the LEDs are on. First, we’ll take pictures of the cars with the camera flash, then with just the red, then the green, then the blue LEDs on so you can see which cars light up and which don’t.

If you compare the photo of the cars illuminated with the flash to those with only single colors of lights, we can see that some vehicles are quite dark. In the image with the red LEDs, the green and blue cars remain dark. In the image with the green lighting, the red and blue cars are dark. It should now come as no surprise that the red and green cars look dark in the image with the blue lighting.

Going back to our rules concept, if our light source doesn’t offer light energy that matches the color of an object, we won’t perceive that object as being illuminated.

Just for references, we’ll include spectrographic analysis of the red, green and blue LEDs so you can see how narrowly focussed their light output is.

We are getting close to a point where we have enough information and understanding of how light works to analyze and understand the color content of different headlight bulb options. So please don’t fret; we’ll get to that information soon! In the meantime, if your headlights aren’t bright enough, drop by your local specialty mobile enhancement retailer and ask them about options to upgrade the lighting system on your car or truck.

This article is written and produced by the team at www.BestCarAudio.com. Reproduction or use of any kind is prohibited without the express written permission of 1sixty8 media.

When it comes to lighting the road in front of your car or truck at night, most enthusiasts focus on light intensity instead of headlight bulb color. It’s straightforward to see the difference between yellowish light produced by incandescent halogen bulbs and the white/blue output of HID or LED bulbs. The science behind these light sources is interestingly similar to what professional car audio technicians measure to calibrate a digital signal processor in your mobile audio system. If you’re intrigued, read on, and we’ll explain in detail.

How Light Works

There have been many detailed scientific dissertations on how light works. These papers explain the electron and sub-electron concepts that allow us to see objects. In short, light is made of photons. Photons are packets of electrons that have been released from atoms. These packets of photons have energy and momentum but have no mass. This means you can shine a light at an object to illuminate it, but the energy from the light source doesn’t make the object heavier.

If we excite a group of atoms, the negatively charged electrons that orbit the nucleus absorb that energy. As more energy is added to an atom, the electrons circle faster and farther away from the center. When the energy source (electricity or heat) is removed, the electrons snap back to their original orbit path but release that added energy in the form of photons. Under specific conditions, the photons that are released produce visible light. If you studied electrical theory in high school, you’d recognize this pattern as similar to how electricity works. The only difference is that electricity involves electrons jumping from one atom to another to transfer energy.

When the light photons escape from an atom, they can have varying energy levels depending on the electron’s position when it leaves the atom. You can think of this as the photons having a specific resonant frequency. As a result, different types of atoms release photons of different wavelengths. The result is differently colored light sources.

Light and Color

We know that light sources have different colors. An incandescent bulb gives off a very different kind of light than a fluorescent bulb, a gas-discharge arc lamp (high-intensity discharge or HID) or a light-emitting diode (LED). Some light sources appear yellow, while others are white or blue. How these light sources illuminate objects can make them look very different.

Let’s take a giant step sideways. You’ve seen plenty of rainbows, but do you know what turns the supposedly white light from the sun into a color pattern that shifts from violet through to blue, green, yellow, orange and red? Water molecules refract the light from the sun. Because white light is made up of many different wavelengths, and each is reflected at a different angle as it passes through the water molecules, the light is divided into its primary components. Sorry, I know. We got all technical again.

An expensive-for-its-size electronic device called a spectral illuminance analyzer or a spectrometer can analyze the frequency content of a light source. The spectrometer works precisely the same way that a real-time audio analyzer (RTA) looks at the amplitude of the different sound frequencies produced by an audio source. As you may have guessed, we’ve added one to the BestCarAudio.com lab.

If you compare the two spectrographic measurements, you can see that the water vapor in the clouds is blocking increasing amounts of green, yellow, orange and red light. Unsurprisingly, we are left with a light source that makes everything look dull. This is because the water vapor in the air has quite literally filtered out the light energy that makes colors pop.

The software scales the measurement window to make it easy to see energy levels at different wavelengths. This is similar to the way our eyes or the iris and shutter on a camera work together to deliver a similar level of perceived brightness for a given lighting condition. The chart below shows both measurements overlaid, one on top of the other. You can see that the overall brightness level on a cloudy day is significantly lower.

The measured light level was 106,252 lux on a sunny day, whereas the cloudy day was only 9,069 lux. Converted to candlepower, the numbers are 9,874 and 843.

Headlight Bulb Color

When it comes to the headlights on your car or truck, bulbs come in various colors for a variety of reasons. At the incandescent end of the spectrum, most have a yellowish look. With that said, halogen bulbs (which use iodine and bromine gas) have less yellow and produce more light output than old bulbs that use argon. Here’s the spectrographic analysis of a relatively simple halogen light bulb.

As you can see, there is a lot of energy in the red portion of the light spectrum produced by this bulb. To be clear, it’s not an amber bulb, though; we should find one of those and test it as well.

OK, we’re back from the hardware store with a pair of Sylvania 3057AK amber turn signal bulbs. The graph below shows their spectral energy.

How we perceive the color of a light source is dependent on the frequency content of the energy coming from the bulb. Warm light will have more red energy, where a cool bulb will be bluer.

Color Temperature and Color Space

If you’ve ever shopped for HID headlight bulbs, you know their color is often described by a specific Kelvin value. For example, a yellow fog light bulb might be rated at 3,000 K, where a factory-installed HID or LED bulb might be a very pure white rated at 6,000 K. Those bulbs with a very blue tint are often up in the 8,000-10,000 K range.

Most people think these values are somewhat arbitrary, but the reality is, the light color can be measured with impressive accuracy using the right equipment. Our spectrometer can do this quickly and easily. The software will also plot the measurement on what’s called a color space chart. The chart outlines the level of red, green and blue in the light source and uses X and Y coordinates to describe the location on a chart. For our testing, we’ll use the CIE 1931 color space chart. The image below shows us where our measurement of the Wagner bulb falls.

The software tells us the Wagner light source has a correlated color temperature of 3,174 kelvins. As mentioned, that’s considered a warm yellowish light. The amber Sylvania bulb has a color temperature of 1,857 and falls into the orange and red portion of the light spectrum.

White Light Isn’t Always Made Up Of All Frequencies

The last item we’ll touch on in this article is a bit of a tease toward some future content we are working on. If you’re reading this, then you’re likely looking at a computer or smartphone screen. The light created by that screen is made up of tiny red, green and blue pixels. The colors you see depend on the intensity of each of those pixels. If the screen is to be blue, then only the blue pixels will be illuminated. For violet, the red and blue will be turned on. Yellow is produced by red and green. You can easily see this pattern by looking at the CIE 1931 color space images above.

What might be surprising to some is that the perception of white can be made up of specific amounts of red, green and blue light. The chart below shows a measurement of the light produced by the laptop screen on which this article was created.

Behold! Our Dell XPS 13 laptop screen is perceived as white, yet it’s primarily red, very light green and mostly blue light. Here’s how the white light it produces measures on the CIE 1931 chart.

Our screen has a correlated color temperature of 6,662 K. If we were scoring it on even whiteness, that’d be an excellent result. But does this score mean it’s a perfect source of white light? Absolutely not! We’ll leave you to ponder that thought as we prepare the next few articles.

Lead-in Image: Thanks to Josh Matthews for sharing this photo of an Acura RSX equipped with decidedly blue headlights.

This article is written and produced by the team at www.BestCarAudio.com. Reproduction or use of any kind is prohibited without the express written permission of 1sixty8 media.